Gypsum

Gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO4.2 H2O)

Baking soda

Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
Manufacture
Properties
Uses

Plaster of Paris

Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate hemi hydrate (CaSO4.1/2 H2O)
Manufacture
Uses

Washing soda

Washing soda is sodium bi-carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O).
Manufacture

• It is manufactured by solvay process.
• The raw materials required are Ammonia(NH3), Limestone(CaCO3) and Brine solution (NaCl+H2O).
• Limestone is heated to produce quick lime(Calcium Oxide) and carbon dioxide
  CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2
• Water is added to quick lime to make it slaked lime
  CaO + H2O --> Ca(OH)2
• Slaked lime is passed through ammonium chloride to get calcium chloride, ammonia and Water
  Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl --> CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
• Ammonia, Brine solution and carbon dioxide reacts to form baking soda and ammonium chloride
  NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 --> NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
• Baking soda is heated to get soda ash, water and carbon dioxide
  2 NaHCO3 --> Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
• Water is added to soda ash to get washing soda
  Na2CO3 + 10 H2O --> Na2CO3.10 H2O

Properties

• When exposed to air loses 9 molecules of water and forms sodium carbonate monohydrate
  Na2CO3.10 H2O --> Na2CO3.H2O + 9 H2O
  This property is called efflorescence.
  

Base

According to Arrhenius concept, a base is a substance that furnishes hydroxil ions(OH-) in its aqueous solution.
A base can be of two types according to its strength

• Strong base
  Eg: Sodium hydroxide(NaOH), Potassium hydroxide(KOH)
  
• Weak base
  Eg: Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium hydroxide
  

Acid

According to Arrhenius concept, an acid is a substance that furnishes hydrogen ions(H+) in its aqueous solution.
An acid can be of two types according to its derivation

• Inorganic or mineral acid; or
  Eg: Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid
  
• Organic acid
  Eg: Oxalic Acid, Formic Acid

Acids can also be divided according to their strength to:

• Strong acids
  Eg: Most inorganic acids (HCl, Sulphuric Acid)
• Weak acids
  Eg: Most organic acids
  

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